detect/bytemath: guard right shift against wide counts

Zero the result when a byte_math right shift count reaches 64, the
width of the uint64_t being shifted, so the operation no longer
depends on behavior C11 6.5.7p3 leaves undefined. The left shift case
has done this since 473ca6dcf4; the right shift case was left
unguarded.

DetectByteMathDoMatch() shifted by whatever count it was handed. On
x86_64 the hardware masks the count to its low six bits, so a count of
64 became a shift of 0 and returned the extracted value unchanged
instead of 0. That value is stored in det_ctx->byte_values[] and feeds
any byte_test, isdataat, or content offset later in the signature, so
the signature's verdict follows from an arithmetic result the standard
does not define.

The count reaches the shift from the wire. When byte_math names a
variable for rvalue, DetectEngineContentInspectionInternal() reads it
out of det_ctx->byte_values[] at
detect-engine-content-inspection.c:614, where a preceding byte_extract
stored bytes taken from the payload, so one payload byte of 0x40 sets
the count to 64.

Issue: 8845

src/detect-bytemath.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Open Information Security Foundation
+/* Copyright (C) 2020-2026 Open Information Security Foundation
  *
  * You can copy, redistribute or modify this Program under the terms of
  * the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free
@@ -189,7 +189,11 @@ int DetectByteMathDoMatch(DetectEngineThreadCtx *det_ctx, const DetectByteMathDa
             }
             break;
         case RightShift:
-            val >>= rvalue;
+            if (rvalue < 64) {
+                val >>= rvalue;
+            } else {
+                val = 0;
+            }
             break;
     }
 
@@ -999,6 +1003,31 @@ static int DetectByteMathPacket02(void)
     PASS;
 }
 
+/**
+ * \test A payload-supplied shift count of 64 or more yields 0 instead of
+ *       shifting a uint64_t by its own width.
+ */
+static int DetectByteMathPacket03(void)
+{
+    /* byte 0 is the shift count (64), byte 1 the value shifted, byte 2 the
+     * expected result */
+    uint8_t buf[] = { 0x40, 0xff, 0x00 };
+
+    Packet *p = UTHBuildPacket(buf, sizeof(buf), IPPROTO_UDP);
+    FAIL_IF_NULL(p);
+
+    /* 0xff >> 64 is 0 */
+    FAIL_IF_NOT(UTHPacketMatchSig(p, "alert udp any any -> any any "
+                                     "(byte_extract: 1, 0, shift;"
+                                     "byte_math: bytes 1, offset 1, oper >>, rvalue shift, result "
+                                     "var;"
+                                     "byte_test: 1, =, var, 2;"
+                                     "sid:1;)"));
+    UTHFreePacket(p);
+
+    PASS;
+}
+
 static int DetectByteMathContext01(void)
 {
     DetectEngineCtx *de_ctx = NULL;
@@ -1071,6 +1100,7 @@ static void DetectByteMathRegisterTests(void)
     UtRegisterTest("DetectByteMathParseTest16", DetectByteMathParseTest16);
     UtRegisterTest("DetectByteMathPacket01", DetectByteMathPacket01);
     UtRegisterTest("DetectByteMathPacket02", DetectByteMathPacket02);
+    UtRegisterTest("DetectByteMathPacket03", DetectByteMathPacket03);
     UtRegisterTest("DetectByteMathContext01", DetectByteMathContext01);
 }
 #endif /* UNITTESTS */